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灭绝人性的种族屠杀……准格尔盆地位于中国西北边新疆的北部，在阿尔泰山跟天山之间，成一个三角形地带，面积约二十万平方公里。在十八世纪，一个大悲剧在这里发生了，立国数百年之久的准格尔汗国覆亡，遭受到清王朝满洲兵团灭种型的残忍屠杀，从此中国境内再没有准格尔人了，只留下这个仍保持准格尔名称的盆地，和位于中国跟哈萨克交界处一个名为“准格尔门”的要隘，供后人凭吊。
我们往往在评价别人大屠杀的时候却不能自己也反省反省。
历史不是供人滥骂的，而是供人反省的，如果一个民族连反省的程度都没有的话，估计也不久了啊。 May 19 张学友演唱会……好想去听张学友的好久不见演唱会阿！
张学友是我最喜欢的歌手。
可惜要上课呢，而且正好是星期天，星期一老师是个变态，还不能翘课。
过两天戴佩尼要来我们学校，说是有个歌迷会。
不知道有没有心思去听听呢。 May 18 罗斯切尔德家族罗斯切尔德家族资料汇编罗斯切尔德金融帝国 “只要你们兄弟凝聚在一起，世界上没有任何一家银行能够与你们竞争，伤害你们，或是从你们身上渔利。你们合在一起将拥有比世界上任何一家银行都要大的威力。” 当老罗斯切尔德１８１２年去世之前，列下了森严的遗嘱： 任何违反遗嘱的人，将失去一切财产继承权。 中国有句俗话，兄弟同心，其利断金。罗斯切尔德家族通过家族内部通婚严格防止财富稀释和外流。 在１００多年里，家族内部通婚１８次，１６次是在第一表亲（堂兄妹）之间。 据估计，1850年左右，罗斯切尔德家族总共积累了60亿美元的财富，如果以6%的回报率计算，到150多年后的今天，他们的家族资产将至少在30万亿美元之上。 [注 1.8] http://wikipedia.qwika.com/en2zh/Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild_family http://wikipedia.qwika.com/en/Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild_family Mayer Amschel Rothschild family Rothschild Coat of Arms The Mayer Amschel Rothschild family (often referred to simply as The Rothschilds, even though there are some people called Rothschild who do not belong to this family) is an eminent international banking and finance dynasty of German Jewish origin that established operations across Europe, and was ennobled by the Austro-Hungarian and British governments. Contents [edit]Origins The family tree of the Rothschild banking families.Their success began with Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744-1812). Born in the ghetto of Frankfurt-am-Main, he developed a finance house and spread his empire by installing each of his five sons in European cities to conduct business. An essential part of Mayer Rothschild’s strategy for future success was to keep control of their businesses in family hands, allowing them to maintain full discretion about the size of their wealth and their business achievements. Mayer Rothschild successfully kept the fortune in the family by carefully arranged marriages between closely related family members. His sons were: Amschel Mayer Rothschild (1773-1855) - Frankfurt [edit]British war effort and Napoleon In the early 19th century Rothschild set up a Europe-wide network of messengers and carrier pigeon stations, gathering information that could affect his investments. He soon garnered a reputation for being first with the news. In June 1815, when the Battle of Waterloo was being fought, other speculators watched Rothschild’s stocks in an attempt to guess who would win. Shortly after the battle ended, and long before anyone else knew who was the victor, he began selling stocks. Everyone assumed this meant Napoleon had won and Europe was lost. Panic selling ensued. When prices crashed, Rothschild bought everything in sight and made a packet. [edit]Elevated to Peerage Rothschild family banking businesses pioneered international high finance during the industrialisation of Europe and were instrumental in supporting railway systems across the world and in complex government financing for projects such as the Suez Canal. After amassing huge fortunes, the name Rothschild became synonymous with banking and great wealth, and the family was renowned for its art collecting, as well as for its philanthropy. Since 1916, members of the family have been vacationing at Megève, an exclusive ski resort in the Haute Savoie département of France, whose restaurants are among the best in the country. However, even in recreation the Rothschilds find a way to utilize their entrepreneurial skills: they own five of the village’s gourmet restaurants. [edit]Zionism In 1901, with no male heir to take it on, the Frankfurt House closed its doors after more than a century in business. It was not until 1989 that they returned when N.M. Rothschild & Sons, the British investment arm, plus Bank Rothschild AG, the Swiss branch, set up a representative banking office in Frankfurt. [edit]French branches The second French branch was founded by Nathaniel de Rothschild (1812-1870). Born in London he was the fourth child of the founder of the British branch of the family, Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777-1836). In 1850, Nathaniel Rothschild moved to Paris, ostensibly to work with his uncle, James Mayer Rothschild. However, in 1853 Nathaniel acquired Château Brane Mouton, a vineyard in Pauillac in the Gironde département. Nathaniel Rothschild renamed the estate, Château Mouton Rothschild and it would become one of the best known labels in the world. In 1868, Nathaniel’s uncle, James acquired the neighboring Chateau Lafite vineyard. The Paris business suffered a near death blow in 1982 when the Socialist government of François Mitterrand nationalized and renamed it. Baron David de Rothschild, then 39, decided to stay and rebuild, creating a new entity with just three employees and $1 million in capital. Today, the Paris operation has 22 partners and accounts for a significant chunk of the global business. [edit]Austrian branch [edit]Italian branch [edit]Legacy and trivia In France, Rothschild is still considered a synonym for extreme wealth, though such usage is now dated. The family also has lent its name to \"le goût Rothschild,\" a suffocatingly glamorous style of living whose decorative elements include neo-Renaissance palaces, extravagant use of velvet and gilding, a sense of Victorian horror vacui, and masterworks of art. Le goût Rothschild has much influenced interior designers such as Robert Denning, Vincent Fourcade, and others. Members of the Rothschild family figure in some conspiracy theories. Shimon Peres, former Prime Minister of Israel, has been quoted as saying about the Rothschilds that \"Never has a family donated so much of its wealth to the making of history.\" [edit]Rothschilds in popular culture Mike Myers, playing the role of a crazy father in \"So I Married An Axe Murderer\", makes mention of the Rothschilds as being one of the secret rulers of the world in a group known as the \"Pentaverate\". In Mamoru Oshii’s Blood: The Last Vampire: Night of the Beasts the Rothschild family hold a key position in the novel as part of the global conspiracy surrounding vampires. [edit]Modern business The annual revenue of the Rothschild group is €828 million with a shareholder equity of €1 billion (2003). To compete more effectively with the New York giants the Rothschild groups main branches in Paris, London, and New York merged into one holding company, Rothschilds Continuation Holdings AG, under David de Rothschild’s leadership. David de Rothschild is opposed to an IPO, much like competitor Lazard’s LLC chairman Michel David-Weill. Simon de Rothschild, the infamous son of Robert de Rothschild, heads the Canadian Northern Railway, and it’s subsiduaries, as well as a number of mining and industrial operations. A descendant of James, Edmond de Rothschild (1926-1997) founded the LCF Rothschild Group, based in Geneva, which today extends to 15 countries across the world. Although this Group is primarily a financial entity, specialising in asset management and private banking, its activities also cover winemaking (with estates in Bordeaux, South Africa and Argentina), mixed farming, luxury hotels and yacht racing. The LCF Rothschild Group is currently presided over by Benjamin de Rothschild, Baron Edmond’s son. [edit]Prominent descendants of Mayer Amschel Rothschild Elisabeth de Rothschild (1902-1945) > English > en.wikipedia.org Search May 08 Corruption——Rules of the roadCorruption
腐败堕落 Rules of the road 译者：韩斌 道路规则 May 3rd 2007 From The Economist print edition At least law-breaking officials respect the laws of economics 至少违法官员遵守经济规律 IN MANY parts of the world, greasing the palms of corrupt officials is a fact of life. For lorry drivers in poor countries, for example, it can be even more commonplace than paying tolls or taxes. The extortionists are often armed police or soldiers, manning roadblocks, who make little attempt to pretend what they do is legal. Yet, although such people may operate outside the law of the land, they do obey the law of supply and demand. 在世界许多地方，满手油腻的腐败官员是个活生生的事实。对于穷国家的货车司机来说，这可能甚至比缴纳通行税或者税更平常不过了。强夺者往往是武警或者士兵，以及设障人员，他们几乎不试图掩饰他们这样做是否具有合法性。不过，虽然这些人可以操控法律以外的领域，但他们得服从需求和供给得规律。 That, at least, is the finding of a recent study of illicit transactions in Indonesia. In a rare attempt at documenting bribery, it shows how crooked officials act as independent monopolists, maximising their profits and employing sophisticated pricing schemes in ways that have an economic logic, as well as a criminal one. 至少在印尼近来的犯罪研究中发现，腐败官员是遵守供需规律的。在一份难得被记载的贿赂中，说明了狡猾的官员作为独裁者是如何最大化他们的获利，以及按如同犯罪推理一般的经济逻辑方式来运用复杂的定价方案的。  The authors studied bribes paid by lorry drivers along two main roads in Aceh, an Indonesian province where separatist guerrillas had long been active. Over nine months in 2005 and 2006, data gatherers accompanied the truckers on 304 trips to and from Aceh, recording more than 6,000 illegal pay-offs at military roadblocks, police checkpoints and weigh stations. During the 637-kilometre (396-mile) trip from Medan to Meulaboh, for example, drivers typically passed through 27 checkpoints and forked out a total of $23 in bribes, representing roughly 13% of the cost of their trip—more, even, than the total wages of those in the truck. 笔者通过货车司机在印尼亚齐省的两条主要道路上研究贿赂，那里市分离主义者最活跃的地带。在2005和2006年的超过9个月里，陪同卡车司机从亚齐出发的304次旅行中的数据采集记录了超过6000多个非法的军事收费路障，警察检重站。例如，从 Medan 到 Meulaboh 的637公里（396英里）的旅行中，司机通常市通过27个检查站并为此付出总共23美元的贿赂费，约占旅行成本的13％，或者更多，甚至超过他们开卡车的工资总额。 In the early stages of each trip, transactions were typically conducted without negotiation—at each stop, drivers simply handed over a few thousand rupiah ($0.50 to $1.00) or a couple of packs of cigarettes. As the trucks neared their destination, however, checkpoint officials demanded increasingly larger sums. At each stop, drivers found themselves with a progressively stronger incentive to avoid hassle and safeguard their cargo, which gave the extortionists greater power over them. 在每个旅行的初期阶段，在每个检查站买卖都没有协商的余地，司机尽其自然地交了几千卢比（0.50美元至1.00美元）或一包烟。由于卡车已接近目的地，但是检查站人员要求越来越多地费用。在每个检查站，司机发现自己有一个逐步增强地激励去避免麻烦并且维护他们地货物，这给那些强夺者超过他们自身更大地权力。 Midway through the study, after the Indonesian government had signed a cease-fire with the rebels, it began a phased withdrawal of 30,000 troops, leading to the number of checkpoints falling by half. This gave the researchers the chance to see how the extortion market would adjust. As you would expect, the amount lost to bribery decreased—but only by 36%. 研究中期，印尼政府已与叛军签署了一项协议，开始分阶段撤出3万部队，导致检查站地数量下降了一半。这使得研究者有机会看到勒索市场是如何调节地。如你所料，因为贿赂而损失地金额下降了，但仅仅下降了36％。 Fewer stops meant fewer bribes, but this was offset by a rise in the amounts demanded at the remaining checkpoints, whose operators, with entrepreneurial zeal, seized the chance to capture part of the newly liberated surplus. In fact, they behaved just like monopolists, setting their prices so as to maximise their own revenue, without considering the response of the fellow at the next checkpoint, or whether their activities would deter truckers. The result was a textbook example of double marginalisation—when a chain of independent monopolists charges more, but receives less overall than a single monopoly. 更少地检查站意味着更少地贿赂。不过，这部分抵消了余下地检查站增加数额地要求，余下地检查站的所有者有着创业的热情，并抓住机会掳掠新放开部分的盈余。事实上，他们的行为举止就是独占者，确定其价格以提高他们自己的收入，不考虑下个检查站同事的反应，或他们的行为是否威慑卡车司机们。结果是一个范例双重边缘化——当一连锁无党派独占者收费多，但获得总体收入少于单一的垄断。 These results have intriguing implications for stamping out corruption. In theory, a centralised system of bribery is better for both truckers and extortionists than a string of corrupt officials acting independently. Taking out a kingpin may yield splashy headlines, but it can actually increase the total amount paid in bribes if it destroys co-ordination among his henchmen. A better bet, say the authors, is to reduce the number of troops and police officers. That would, indeed, be a novel way of fighting crime. 这些结果有一个为杜绝腐败现象的耐人寻味的影响。从理论上讲，对于卡车司机和强夺者来说，中央系统腐败要比一连串假扮成独立的腐败官员好的多。去掉主要人物也许产生颇获好评的主题，但如果它破坏了他的追随者之间的协调，实际上增加了贿赂的总金额。笔者讲，一个更好的赌注，就是减少部队和警官的人数。那么，这的确是打击犯罪的一种全新的方式。 May 04 Liquidity－Deal or no deal
[2007-4-28]Liquidity——Deal or no deal Liquidity
流动资金 译者：韩斌 Deal or no deal 成不成交？Apr 26th 2007 From The Economist print edition A new measure of market health 市场健全的新标准 MOST people agree that financial markets are more liquid these days. But definitions of this liquidity are pretty vague and tend to be based on broad measures of money supply or prices of risky assets, such as emerging-market debt. 大部分人同意这些天来金融市场更具有流动性了。但是流动性的定义是非常模糊的，倾向基于大量的货币供应量或者风险资产的价格，如新兴市场的借贷。 In its six-monthly Financial Stability Report, the Bank of England attempts to quantify a more common-sense definition, the ease of buying and selling financial assets. By its calculations, markets are extremely liquid at the moment, substantially more so than in the dotcom bubble in the late 1990s. 在其半年金融稳定报告中，英格兰银行尝试定量一个更常识性的定义，便于买卖金融资产。据它的推测，现在市场是非常的具有流动性，实质上大大超过1990年代末期网络泡沫时的流动性。 The Bank uses three measures. The first is the bid-offer spread—the difference between the prices at which market makers are willing to buy and sell securities. The smaller this spread, the more liquid markets have become. The second measure captures the effect of trades on asset prices—in illiquid markets, those who want to deal in size can find that prices move against them. This factor can be quantified as the ratio of price movements to trading volumes; a lower ratio means markets are more liquid. 银行使用三种措施。第一项措施就是差价——庄家愿意买卖有价证券的价之间的差距。差距越小，市场越具有流动性。第二项措施是交易对资产价格的影响-在流动性差的市场中，那些想要大量交易的人会发现价格变得对他們不利。这个因素可被量化成价格变动对交易量的比率；比率越低表明市场越具有流动性。 The final measure is based on the corporate-bond market. Historically, such bonds have offered a higher spread over government securities than would be justified by investors' losses during defaults.This is probably because investors have demanded a premium for owning an illiquid asset. Any shrinking of this premium may suggest markets have become more liquid. 最后措施是基于公司债券市场。历史上，这种债券与政府证券的差价高于补偿投资者遭遇违约损失所需的水平。这可能是因为投资者都要求持有非流动性资产所要求的溢价。任何溢价的收缩可能意味着市场更具有流动性。 The Bank has combined these measures into a composite ratio. From about 2004 onwards, this ratio moved to a much higher level, suggesting it is now very easy to buy financial assets. Another way of looking at it is to say that the cost of trading is very low. 银行已综合这些措施成为一个综合比率。大概从2004年起，这个比率已上升到更高的水平。意味着现在很容易买到金融资产，从另一角度看，这是说交易费用是很低的。 Why might this be? One obvious possibility is the activity of hedge funds, which turn their portfolios over rapidly, making it easier for other market participants to deal. Hedge-fund assets have grown fast over the past decade and now are at least $1.5 trillion. Another factor may have been that investment banks have devoted more energy and capital to trading in financial markets. 为什么会这样呢？一个明显的可能性是快速改变投资组合的对冲基金的作用，这使其他市场参与者的交易变得更方便。对冲基金资产在过去十年中快速增长，现在至少有1.5万亿美元。另一个因素可能是投资银行投入了更多的精力和资金在金融市场交易上。 Financial innovation has also helped; the creation of the credit-derivatives markets has encouraged investors to buy corporate bonds, since they can now unbundle the various risks and trade them separately. That has driven down the liquidity premium in the bond market (and pushed yields lower). 金融创新也是有用的。信贷衍生工具市场的建立鼓励投资者购买企业债券，因为它们现在可以对各种风险进行分别计价以及分别进行交易。那已降低了债券市场上的流动性溢价（使得产量更低）。 This may not be permanent. Liquidity is a self-reinforcing process; investors are more willing to buy an asset they know they can sell easily. But if liquidity suddenly dries up, some investors might end up owning assets they neither want nor can get rid of. That might make a virtuous circle turn vicious. 这也许未必是永久的。流动资产是一个自我加强的过程；投资者更愿意购买他们知道可以轻易出售的资产。但如果流动资产突然干涸，有些投资者也许最终拥有那些他们不要也不可能摆脱的资产。这样做可以使一个良性循环转变成恶性竞争。 |
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